全球视野 | 与西方截然不同的亚洲慈善：独特模式如何改变社会？

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文章《Philanthropy in Asia diverges greatly from Western models/亚洲的慈善模式与西方大相径庭》发布在《日本经济新闻》亚洲的网站上。文章作者Ruth Shapiro（夏露萍）是亚洲慈善与社会中心(CAPS) 的联合创始人兼首席执行官。随着亚洲财富的快速增长，该地区的富人和公司对慈善的兴趣和能力也在增加。然而，亚洲慈善的运作方式不同于长期以来被视为全球慈善领头羊的美国。这篇文章分析了亚洲慈善模式与西方模式的显著差异，以及亚洲慈善的三大主要特征。

Wealth is growing in Asia at an unprecedented rate. In 2020, Asia became the world's second-richest region, with 169,889 ultra-high-net-worth (UHNW) individuals accounting for 28% of the global UHNW population -- and these numbers are expected to grow. Along with this growth, there is an increased interest and ability to engage in philanthropy. 

亚洲的财富正以前所未有的速度增长。2020年，亚洲成为全球第二富裕的地区，拥有169889名超高净值人士（UHNW），占全球超高净值人口的28%，并且这一数字预计还将继续增长。随着财富的增加，人们对慈善事业的兴趣和参与能力也随之提升。 

While it is impossible to know exactly how much philanthropic capital is coming from Asia, as reporting is not required in most jurisdictions, we do have some useful data points. In China, donations of 1 million yuan (about $140,000) increased 50% from 2017-2018 to a total of 27.63 billion yuan. The top 200 companies on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) donated about 120 billion rupees ($1.42 billion) in 2022. In September 2023, collective pledges by the Philanthropy Asia Alliance (PAA), an initiative by Singapore’s Temasek Trust, crossed 1 billion Singaporean dollars (US$777 million) to catalyse collective action for good -- this includes Temasek Trust's US$100 million commitment to grow the ecosystem and support PAA's working capital. 

由于大多数司法辖区没有强制要求披露相关数据，我们无法准确得知来自亚洲的慈善资金总量，但我们确实掌握了一些有用的数据。在中国，100万元人民币（约合14万美元）以上的捐赠额比2017-2018年增加了50%，总额达276.3亿人民币。2022年，孟买证券交易所（BSE）的排名前200家公司捐赠了约1200亿卢比（约合14.2亿美元）。2023年9月，由新加坡淡马锡信托发起的亚洲慈善联盟（PAA）的集体认捐额突破了10亿新元（约合7.77亿美元），以推动集体公益行动。这其中包括淡马锡信托承诺的1亿美元，用于发展公益生态系统和支持PAA的运营。 

With Singapore and Hong Kong's competing to become Asia's leading family office hub, philanthropic ecosystem enablers such as the Temasek Trust and the Hong Kong Jockey Club have greatly expanded their promotion of Asian philanthropy. This attention is welcome and the increased buzz helps to encourage private social investment through corporations and foundations, and also by individuals and families. 

随着新加坡和中国香港竞相成为亚洲领先的家族办公室中心，慈善公益生态系统的推动者如淡马锡信托和香港赛马会，都在大力推广宣传亚洲的慈善事业。这种关注备受欢迎，日益增长的热度有助于鼓励通过企业和基金会以及个人和家庭来进行私人社会投资。 

It is important, however, to remember that philanthropy in Asia works differently than the models emanating from the U.S., long thought to be the world's philanthropic leader. There are three overarching characteristics which help to explain how Asian philanthropy works: 

然而，重要的是要记住，亚洲的慈善模式与美国的模式有所不同，而美国长期以来被认为是全球慈善事业的领导者。以下三个主要特点有助于解释亚洲慈善事业是如何运作的： 

First, in Asia, 85% of all companies, small, medium and large, are family dominated. This means that decisions about the goals and strategies of the firm, the company's corporate contributions as well as the personal philanthropy of the owner are most often made by the same person or small group of family members. 

首先，在亚洲，85%的公司，无论大中小，都是由家族主导的。这意味着关于公司的目标和战略、企业捐赠以及老板的个人慈善活动的决策，通常由同一个人或少数家族成员做出。

香港理工大学（PolyU）校园内的赛马会创新楼全景。

 

照片来源：路透社© Reuters

In the U.S., wealthy families set up private foundations or give through community foundations or Donor Advised Funds (DAFs). In Asia, donations are often made through the company. This means that unlike private foundations with endowments, funding often comes through the company itself, and is directed to projects which often serve dual purposes of helping the community and providing reputational and business development benefit to the company. 

在美国，富裕家庭通常设立私人基金会，或通过社区基金会或捐赠人建议基金（DAFs）进行捐赠。而在亚洲，捐赠通常通过公司进行。这意味着，与拥有捐赠基金的私人基金会不同，资金通常来自公司本身，并直接用于通常具有双重目的的项目，即在帮助社区的同时，为公司带来声誉和业务发展方面的好处。 

In Asia, the role of the philanthropist is to complement government efforts, to showcase and pilot innovations that the government could choose to scale and to support causes that it currently does not prioritize. Philanthropy is carried out in alignment with government objectives and with the implicit and often explicit partnership and support of government at the local and national level. 

在亚洲，慈善家的作用是补充配合政府的工作，展示和试点政府可能选择推广并扩大规模的创新，并支持政府目前没有优先考虑的事业。慈善事业的开展与政府的目标保持一致，并在地方和国家层面上得到政府隐性或显性的合作与支持。 

There are many examples. When China implemented its poverty alleviation policy, state-owned companies were assigned specific tasks and geographies to work in and on. Private companies stepped up as well, as can be seen through Alibaba's poverty alleviation scheme and Tencent's extraordinary financial commitment to tackle poverty in rural areas. 

有许多例子。当中国实施精准扶贫时，国有企业都有针对贫困地区的具体扶贫工作。民营企业也积极参与，例如阿里巴巴的扶贫计划和腾讯为解决农村贫困问题而做出的巨额资金承诺就是证明。 

In India, when Prime Minister Narendra Modi created the Swachh Bharat Mission to improve sanitation, corporate philanthropy rushed to build toilets throughout the country and the government increased the CSR tax subsidy for this work. 

在印度，当总理纳伦德拉·莫迪启动清洁印度运动（Swachh Bharat Mission）以改善卫生条件时，企业慈善纷纷投入资金在印度全国范围内建设厕所，政府则增加了对这一工作的企业社会责任（CSR）税收补贴。 

In Taiwan, companies with top CSR programs put in place parental leave, baby subsidies and lactation rooms following the government's effort to promote having more children. In fact, companies who have won the Commonwealth magazine's CSR award reported a birth rate of 28 children per 1000 employees compared to the national average of 6.3 per 1,000. For Asian philanthropists, working with government increases the likelihood of project success, allows for useful relationships to be cultivated and helps with on-going business initiatives. 

在中国台湾地区，在政府鼓励推动增加生育率的倡导下，拥有顶尖企业社会责任项目的公司都实施了设立育儿假、婴儿津贴和哺乳室等措施。事实上，获得《天下》杂志企业社会责任奖的公司报告显示，每千名员工生育28名子女，而全台湾的平均出生率为每千名员工6.3名子女。对于亚洲的慈善家来说，与政府合作不仅提高了项目成功的可能性，还能培养有益的关系，并有助于业务的持续发展。

在马尼拉的一个贫困社区，孩子们和父母排队，期望能领取一位慈善家分发的免费食物。这项圣诞节外展活动为数千名居民提供了物资援助。

 

照片来源：路透社© Reuters

Lastly, it is important to recognize that while Asia is experiencing an economic boon, the majority of countries in the region are still low or middle income. This means that there are ample needs at home and limits the appetite for philanthropists to send their donations abroad. This reality, coupled with new laws penalizing outbound donations in several Asian countries and the desire to enhance important relationships means that the great majority of funding stays close to home, is aligned with government imperatives and provides tangible outcomes. 

最后，重要的是要认识到，尽管亚洲正在经历经济繁荣，但该地区大多数国家仍属于低收入或中等收入国家。这意味着国内的需求仍然很大，这也限制了慈善家向海外捐赠的意愿。这一现实，再加上一些亚洲国家出台了限制境外捐赠的新法律，以及希望增强重要关系的需求。这意味着绝大多数资金都留在了本土，与政府的关键任务保持一致，并带来实质性的成果。 

Asian philanthropy is growing rapidly and is playing to its strengths. It is not monolithic. By supporting and partnering with government initiatives, scale is more readily reached. Finding win-win solutions with corporate interests means that project sustainability is more viable and focusing on local community problems with people most knowledgeable and suited to act can help to ensure better outcomes. 

亚洲的慈善事业正在迅速发展，并发挥其自身的优势。它并非单一化的。通过支持政府倡议并与之合作，可以更容易实现规模化。找到与企业利益共赢的解决方案，意味着项目的可持续发展更加可行，专注于解决当地社区问题并与最了解、最适合采取行动的人合作，有助于确保取得更好的成果。 

Around the world, words like philanthropy, collaboration, foundations and impact are being used, but we need to realize that their meanings and modes may differ across geographies. What is true is that part of the human condition is to help one another, especially during difficult times. This wonderful aspect of our shared humanity can take a number of forms but when we are facing complex challenges such as climate change and pandemics, all forms are to be encouraged and celebrated. 

在全球范围内，诸如慈善、合作、基金会和影响力等词汇被广泛使用，但我们需要认识到它们在不同地区的含义和形式可能有所不同。值得肯定的是，互相帮助是人类的一部分，尤其是在困难时刻。我们共同人性中的这一美好特质可以有多种形式，但当我们面临气候变化和大流行病等复杂挑战时，所有形式都值得鼓励和赞美。