全球视野 | 参数保险：为低中收入人群提供洪灾后快速援助的新模式

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文章《A NY nonprofit is piloting community-based flood insurance. Could it be a model?/纽约一家非营利组织正在试行基于社区的洪水保险。它能成为一种模式吗？》发布在marketplace.org上。这是一家非营利新闻机构，制作与商业和经济相关的广播节目、播客、数字报道等内容。这篇文章介绍了一个由纽约市非营利组织纽约市邻里中心试点的社区洪水保险项目。该项目旨在为低中等收入、高洪水风险地区的居民提供快速和灵活的资金援助，以帮助他们更有效地应对洪水等气候灾害。该保险项目采用了参数保险，将自动支付赔偿，无需等待损失评估，从而大大加快了支付流程。

At the corner of 183rd Street and 90th Avenue in Hollis, Queens, there’s a yellow diamond street sign with black letters: ROAD MAY FLOOD. 

在纽约市皇后区霍利斯的183街与90大道的拐角处，有一个黄色的菱形街道标志，上面写着黑色字样：道路可能淹水。 

It was installed after the remnants of Hurricane Ida dumped some 9 inches of rain on New York City on Sep. 1, 2021, set a record for hourly rainfall and caused major flooding. More than a dozen people died in the city that night, most in basement apartments, including on this block, where George Lee, 72, has lived for most of his life. 

飓风艾达的残余在2021年9月1日为纽约市带来约9英寸的降雨，在这之后，这个标志被安装到了这里。当晚的这场降雨，刷新了每小时降雨量的记录，导致了严重的洪水，纽约市有超过十人丧生，其中大多数居住在地下室公寓。72岁的乔治·李，在该街区生活了大半辈子，这一悲剧也发生在他居住的街区。 

“Everything from my house and that house across the street on down got flooded,” Lee said. “It was like a nightmare.” 

李说：“我家的所有东西，还有街对面那户人家的东西，全都被淹了。简直像一场噩梦。” 

Lee’s parents bought the house in the mid-1960s. The block has long been prone to flooding — it’s at the bottom of a hill — but in the past, he said, “it wasn’t that bad. I’d have water in my basement, maybe up to my ankle, and that’s it. But when we had Hurricane Ida, forget it.” 

李的父母在20世纪60年代中期买下了这栋房子。李说，这个街区一直以来就很容易发生洪水，因为它位于山脚下，但在过去“情况并没有那么糟糕。我的地下室会进水，但可能只会淹到我的脚踝，仅此而已。但是当飓风艾达来临时，情况就完全不同了。” 

That night, the rain was so intense that Lee’s basement flooded, all the way to the first floor. The water was moving so fast, he said it knocked over huge, heavy planters in his front yard, full of dirt and flowers, and carried them away. Same with heavy construction equipment out on the street. Everything in his basement was destroyed, including thousands of dollars’ worth of computer equipment and irreplaceable mementos. 

那天晚上，雨势非常猛烈，李的地下室被水淹没，并一直漫到了一楼。他说水流速度非常快，甚至把他前院装那些满泥土和花卉的、又大又重的花盆都冲倒带走了。街上的重型建筑设备也一样。李的地下室里的所有物品都被毁了，包括价值数千美元的电脑设备和一些不可替代的纪念品。 

“I had very valuable stuff in my basement,” Lee said. “I had a whole comic collection that was gone. I had a whole record collection that was gone.” 

李说：“我地下室里有一些非常珍贵的东西。我的整套漫画收藏，没了。我的整套唱片收藏，也没了。” 

The rain from Hurricane Ida damaged over 33,000 buildings in New York, according to the city, most of them residential. In the weeks after the storm, many residents who had flood damage learned their insurance wouldn’t cover much, if anything. 

据纽约市政府称，飓风艾达的降雨损坏了全市超过33000栋建筑，其中大部分是住宅楼。在风暴过后的数周内，许多遭受洪水破坏的居民发现，他们的保险几乎无法赔付他们的损失，有的甚至完全不赔付。 

“People didn’t know where to turn to,” said Theodora Makris, a senior program manager at the nonprofit Center for New York City Neighborhoods. “Was it a federal disaster declaration? Are there funds coming from the federal government? Where can we apply?” 

非营利组织纽约市邻里中心（Center for New York City Neighborhoods/CNYCN）的高级项目经理西奥多拉·马克里斯说：“人们不知道该向哪里求助：现在是属于联邦灾难状态吗？联邦政府会提供资金吗？我们可以在哪里申请？” 

People were able to apply for federal funding — grants from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and loans from the Small Business Administration — but for many, the process was confusing and stressful, Makris said. 

马克里斯说，人们可以申请联邦资金，比如美国联邦应急管理局的补助和美国小企业管理局的贷款；但对许多人来说，这些申请过程令人困惑，而且压力重重。 

“And ultimately, when they did get money, if they did get money, it didn’t really cover the things that they were hoping for it to cover,” Makris said. 

“即使他们最终获得了资金，这些资金也并没有真正覆盖他们所希望的费用，”马克里斯说。 

It also took a long time to arrive, which is common after disasters. 

资金到位也要花很长时间，这在灾后是很常见的。 

“It can take definitely weeks, and sometimes months and months to get your insurance payout, to get a FEMA check, to get access to credit,” said Carolyn Kousky, associate vice president for economics and policy at the Environmental Defense Fund. 

美国环保协会（Environmental Defense Fund）负责经济和政策的副主席卡罗琳·库斯基说：“要想拿到保险赔付、美国联邦应急管理局的支票和信贷，肯定需要数周的时间，有时甚至需要好几个月。” 

That is particularly challenging for people with low to moderate incomes, who tend to be disproportionately affected by climate disasters and have a harder time recovering. Watching that play out over and over again, Kousky started thinking, “How can we get fast and flexible dollars to these households in need after a big flood event?” 

这对那些中低收入的人群来说，尤其具有挑战性，因为他们受气候灾害的影响往往更大，而且恢复起来也更困难。看到这种情况一再发生，库斯基开始思考：“我们如何能在重大洪灾发生后，快速灵活地向这些需要帮助的家庭提供资金？” 

The Center for NYC Neighborhoods is piloting one idea as a possible answer to that question, a kind of community-based flood insurance. In partnership with the city and several other nonprofits and private companies, the Center for NYC Neighborhoods has bought something called a parametric flood insurance policy on behalf of city residents with low to moderate incomes living in high-flood-risk neighborhoods. 

纽约市邻里中心正在试点一种解决方案，作为对这一问题的可能回答，即一种基于社区的洪水保险。纽约市邻里中心与纽约市政府以及其他几个非营利组织和私营公司合作（译者注：该项目是纽约市邻里中心/CNYCN与纽约市长气候与环境正义办公室/MOCEJ、美国环保协会和社会影响力组织SBP合作推出的试点项目。其中MOCEJ和相关专家委员会提供了咨询支持，佳达再保险经纪有限公司、瑞再企商保险有限公司，以及企业解决方案和自然灾害数据提供商ICEYE提供了技术援助。该试点项目的资金来自美国国家科学基金会和美国国土安全部的公民创新挑战奖），代表那些生活在高洪水风险社区的中低收入的城市居民，购买了一种称为“参数洪水保险”的保险。 

Parametric insurance is different from traditional home or flood insurance in that it pays out if there’s a qualifying storm, one that meets certain parameters set ahead of time. 

参数保险与传统的房屋或洪水保险不同，如果发生符合条件的风暴，即符合某些提前设定的参数，该保险就会赔付。 

“So, think wind speeds exceed some threshold within so many miles of your home, you automatically get a set payout,” Kousky said. 

库斯基说：“比如说，如果风速在你家附近几英里范围内，超过了某个阈值，你就会自动获得一笔固定的赔付。” 

Or in this case, if a certain amount of rain were to fall in certain neighborhoods in New York, the Center for NYC Neighborhoods would get a lump sum insurance payout that it could then use to give emergency cash grants of $5,000 to $15,000 to a limited number of people affected by the flooding. 

又比如在这个案例的情况下，如果纽约某些社区的降雨量达到一定程度，纽约市邻里中心将会获得一笔一次性的保险赔付，然后该组织可以用这笔钱向受到洪水影响的部分人群，提供5000到15000美元的紧急现金补助。 

“The nice thing about parametric is that it’s very fast,” Kousky said. “Because there’s no loss adjustment.” 

库斯基说：“参数保险的一个好处是它的速度非常快。因为没有理赔的过程。” 

There’s no waiting for someone from the insurance company to come inspect damage and decide how much it will cover. The payout is automatic if the storm is bad enough. 

不需要等待保险公司的人来检查损坏情况，并决定赔付金额。只要风暴足够严重，就会自动赔付。 

This is the second year of the Flood Recovery Fund pilot in New York. In 2023, the Center for NYC Neighborhoods was able to pay the insurance premium with a grant from the National Science Foundation. This year, it got a grant from the tech insurance startup Raincoat. 

今年是纽约洪水恢复基金试点项目（译者注：在这个试点项目中，ICEYE将利用卫星数据、现场实时传感器和社交媒体图像，对符合条件的洪水事件向CNYCN进行赔付。一旦符合条件的天气事件触发了对该中心的付款，其申请门户网站就会打开。家庭可以自行申请，也可以在CNYCN网络合作伙伴的帮助下申请）的第二年。2023年，纽约市邻里中心通过美国国家科学基金会（National Science Foundation）的资助支付了保险费。今年，该项目获得了来自科技保险初创公司Raincoat的资助。 

Jonathan Gonzalez, co-founder and CEO of Raincoat, called the program “awesome, just from a creativity perspective” and “very, very innovative” for its focus on rainfall flooding, its public-private partnership and its community-based model. 

Raincoat的联合创始人兼CEO乔纳森·冈萨雷斯称赞该项目“从创造力的角度来看非常棒”，并表示该项目“非常非常具有创新性”，因为它专注于降雨洪水，采用公私合作模式，并基于社区的框架。 

“I think the model is the way to go,” he said. “That’s why I was so excited to support the program, because I think it’s the future of a real solution.” 

冈萨雷斯说：“我认为这个模式就是未来的发展方向。这就是我这么激动地支持这个项目的原因，因为我认为它是真正的解决方案的未来。” 

Parametric insurance is still relatively unusual in the United States; it’s more common in other parts of the world. In New York, there has not been a qualifying storm since the pilot program began, so no one knows exactly how, or how well, the Flood Recovery Fund will work in practice. 

参数保险在美国还比较少见，在其他国家地区比较常见(译者注：2007年成立的加勒比巨灾保险基金/CCRIF由加勒比海地区的16个岛屿国家政府共同拥有并运营，通过提供低成本的参数巨灾保险，以降低由于地震和飓风等巨灾事件给该地区的各国政府造成的财务负担。这是全球首个多国风险共担机制，也是首个成功开发出由传统市场和资本市场支持的参数化保单的保险工具；其他案例包括墨西哥金塔纳罗奥州的珊瑚礁参数保险、太平洋巨灾风险保险公司和非盟风险能力机构等)。在纽约，自试点项目开始以来还没有发生符合条件的风暴，因此没人确切知道洪水恢复基金在实际中将如何运作或运作效果将会如何。 

But Makris said it’s designed so people who get these grants will be able to use them for whatever they need after a flood — to replace food or clothes, clean out their apartment, stay in a hotel temporarily, rent a car — no restrictions. 

但马克里斯表示，这样设计的目的是让获得这些补助金的人，能够在洪灾后将其用于任何他们需要的用途，而没有任何限制，无论是更换食物或衣物、清理公寓、暂时住在酒店，还是租车。 

“I think what’s really important about that is nobody knows a family’s needs or an individual’s needs better than themselves,” she said. “Especially in the moments after a disaster, where things are really crazy and chaotic and you need to have a little bit more flexibility.” 

马克里斯说：“我认为这非常重要，因为最了解家庭和个人需求的就是他们自己。尤其是在灾难发生后的时刻，情况真的很混乱，你需要更多的灵活性。” 

In the days immediately after Hurricane Ida flooded his home in Queens, George Lee needed help pumping water out of his basement and cleaning it out. 

在飓风艾达袭击了乔治·李位于皇后区的家之后，在那几天里，李需要有人帮他把地下室的积水抽出来，并进行清理。 

“I had to hire three people to come to put everything in the garbage truck,” he said, adding it still took a couple of days to clean everything out. “I had so much stuff.” 

“我不得不雇了三个人来把所有东西搬到垃圾车上，”他说，并补充道，清理所有东西仍然花了几天时间，“我有太多东西了。” 

And after the cleanup, there was so much to fix and replace — windows, the boiler, computers. Even now, three years later, Lee said some of his basement walls are still cracked from the water. 

清理之后，还有很多东西需要修理和更换，比如窗户、锅炉和电脑。李说，即使在三年后的今天，他家地下室的一些墙壁仍然因为积水而开裂。