全球视野 | 超越传统框架：东盟与中国在慈善合作上的未开发潜力
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东南亚与中国：慈善事业与民间交流中的未开发潜力
近年来，东盟（东南亚国家联盟）与中国的关系，主要以蓬勃发展的贸易、投资和政策对话为特点。然而，这一关系中有一个重要但尚未得到充分重视的方面，即慈善事业和非营利领域的交流。这些慈善活动正在悄然重塑两个地区的社会经济格局，为双方关系提供了一条超越传统框架、以社会影响力为核心的合作路径。
来源：
Alliance杂志
作者：
Rui Wang与Sharon Low
文章《Southeast Asia and China: The untapped power of philanthropy and people-to-people exchange/东南亚与中国：慈善事业与民间交流中的未开发潜力》发布在Alliance杂志（专注于刊载世界各地关于慈善和社会投资领域的新闻和观点）的网站上，作者Rui Wang是 GlobalGiving 的中国代表兼亚洲项目顾问。GlobalGiving 是美国第一个也是最大的全球众筹社区。作者Sharon Low 目前是The Knowledge House, Ltd的创始人之一，她一直参与中东、非洲和亚洲地区的监测系统设计、评估实施和项目运作。文章讨论了东盟（ASEAN）与中国关系之间未被充分挖掘的力量——慈善事业与民间交流。近年来，东盟与中国的关系主要表现在贸易、投资和政策对话上，但文章认为慈善事业和非营利组织的合作正在悄然改变两地区的社会经济格局，展示了一条超越传统框架的合作道路，将社会影响力置于双方关系的中心。
主导力量：谁在引领慈善事业？
The player: Who’s leading in philanthropy?
While the narrative around ASEAN-China relations often centres on economic and political engagements, a diverse array of actors is driving impactful philanthropic efforts. From China, a variety of organisations are making their mark across Southeast Asia.
尽管关于东盟—中国关系的叙述，通常聚焦于经济和政治互动。但一系列不同的参与者正在推动具有影响力的慈善事业。来自中国的各类组织正在东南亚留下自己的印记。
These include government-affiliated foundations such as the China Red Cross, private organisations like the Peaceland Foundation, and locally-led nonprofits operated by Chinese communities in ASEAN countries. The focus of these Chinese nonprofits spans disaster relief, poverty alleviation, and support for disadvantaged populations. Notably, the first large-scale Chinese nonprofit involvement overseas work was during the rescue and reconstruction efforts following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Since then, organisations such as the Amity Foundation and China Foundation for Rural Development (CFRD) have continued to respond to natural disasters across ASEAN, driven by a blend of humanitarian, political and economic motivations.
其中包括了与政府关联的组织，如中国红十字会；私人机构如北京平澜公益基金会，以及由在东盟国家的华人社区所主导的当地非营利组织。这些中国非营利组织的工作重点涵盖了救灾、扶贫和对弱势群体的支持。值得注意的是，中国非营利组织首次大规模参与海外工作，是在2004年印度洋海啸和2015年尼泊尔地震后的救援和重建工作。此后，爱德基金会和中国农村发展基金会等组织，在人道主义、政治和经济动机的共同推动下，继续帮助应对东盟各地发生的自然灾害。
On the ASEAN side, philanthropic actors like Singapore’s Temasek Foundation, the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO), and the Thailand International Cooperation Agency (TICA) have engaged in projects within China. These initiatives range from educational collaborations and healthcare improvements to environmental sustainability projects, reflecting a mutual commitment to capacity building and knowledge exchange.
在东盟方面，新加坡淡马锡基金会、东南亚教育部长组织（SEAMEO）和泰国国际合作署（TICA）等慈善机构也参与了中国的项目。这些倡议包括教育合作、医疗保健改善、环境可持续发展项目等，这体现了双方对能力建设和知识交流方面的共同承诺。
动机：慈善事业的驱动力是什么？
The motivation: What drives philanthropy?
The motivations behind these philanthropic endeavours are multifaceted. For Chinese philanthropy and nonprofits, the drive to engage in ASEAN countries stems from three primary factors:
这些慈善事业背后的动机是多方面的。对于中国的慈善机构和非营利组织而言，参与东盟国家慈善事业的动力主要来源于三个关键因素：
Political: Southeast Asia is a strategic focus of China’s foreign policy. From 2013 to 2023, nearly 37 per cent of China’s foreign aid was directed to low-income countries in Asia, predominantly in Southeast Asia. Government-affiliated foundations, guided by Chinese foreign policy, often collaborate with local governments and communities in these countries, with endorsement from Chinese embassies.
政治：东南亚是中国外交政策的战略重点。从2013年至2023年，中国近37%的对外援助，流向了亚洲的低收入国家，主要集中在东南亚。与政府关联的基金会，在中国外交政策的指导下，通常与这些国家的地方政府和社区合作，并得到了中国大使馆的支持。
Economic: ASEAN is a critical region for China’s overseas investment, with nearly 81 per cent of China’s foreign direct investment flows in 2023 directed towards ASEAN. Philanthropic efforts in the region often align with economic interests. Chinese companies have worked closely with nonprofit partners to carry out their philanthropic projects in key markets, exemplified by Alibaba’s collaboration with the CFRD in Cambodia and Nepal. This approach facilitates the flow of private sector resources to the nonprofit sector, aligning philanthropic efforts with broader economic and political objectives in the region.
经济：东盟是中国海外投资的关键地区。2023年，中国近81%的对外直接投资流向了东盟。该地区的慈善工作往往与经济利益相一致。中国企业与非营利伙伴密切合作，在关键市场开展慈善项目。阿里巴巴与中国乡村发展基金会在柬埔寨和尼泊尔的合作就是一个典型例子。这种方式有助于将私营领域的资源导入非营利领域，使慈善工作与该地区更广泛的经济和政治目标相契合。
Humanitarian and Mission-Driven: Many Chinese nonprofits are genuinely motivated by the desire to respond to disasters and support vulnerable populations in ASEAN countries. The proximity of Southeast Asia to China, coupled with the support of Chinese communities in these countries, makes it feasible for nonprofits to act quickly and effectively in times of need. In addition, an increasing number of mission-driven nonprofits from China are focusing on areas such as education, environmental issues, and support for disadvantaged groups, reflecting a broader engagement with global challenges.
人道主义与使命驱动：许多中国非营利组织的真正动机，是希望为东盟国家的弱势群体提供救灾响应和支持。东南亚毗邻中国，再加上这些国家的华人社区的支持，使得非营利组织能够在需要时，迅速有效地采取行动。此外，越来越多以使命为导向的中国非营利组织开始关注教育、环境问题和支持弱势群体等领域。这反映出中国非营利组织正在更广泛地参与并应对全球挑战。
On the other hand, the drive for ASEAN philanthropy and nonprofits to engage in China typically stems from three primary factors:
另一方面，东盟慈善机构和非营利组织参与中国事务的动力，通常来自三个主要因素：
Strategic Influence and Partnerships: China is a major global player, and its influence in Southeast Asia is substantial. ASEAN actors see engagement with China as an opportunity to build strategic partnerships, leverage China’s economic and political influence, and align with regional development goals. Collaborating with Chinese entities can also open doors to funding, resources, and support for initiatives that align with shared interests, such as poverty alleviation, education, and healthcare.
战略影响与合作伙伴关系：中国是一个重要的全球参与者，在东南亚的影响力巨大。东盟的参与者将与中国的接触，视为建立战略伙伴关系、利用中国的经济和政治影响力以及与区域发展目标保持一致的机会。与中国的实体合作，还能为符合共同利益的倡议（如扶贫、教育和医疗保健等领域），打开获得资金、资源和支持的大门。
Access to Resources and Expertise: China has significant resources and expertise in various sectors, including technology, infrastructure development, and sustainable development. ASEAN actors are keen to tap into these resources to enhance their own capabilities and effectiveness. Engaging with China allows these organizations to learn from Chinese innovations, access funding, and collaborate on large-scale projects that require substantial investment and technical know-how.
获取资源和专业知识：中国在科技、基础设施建设和可持续发展等多个领域，拥有丰富的资源和专业知识。东盟国家都希望利用这些资源来提高自身的能力和效率。与中国的合作，让这些组织能够学习中国的创新经验，获得资金支持，并在需要大量投资和科技知识的大型项目上开展合作。
Regional Stability and Development Goals: China’s role in regional stability and economic growth is critical for ASEAN countries. Philanthropic organizations and nonprofits see engagement with China as essential to achieving long-term development goals in the region, such as poverty reduction, environmental sustainability, and disaster resilience. By working together, these organizations can address transnational challenges that affect both ASEAN and China, fostering a more stable and prosperous region.
地区稳定与发展目标：中国在地区稳定和经济增长中的作用，对东盟国家至关重要。慈善组织和非营利机构把和中国的合作，视为实现该地区长期发展目标的关键，如减贫、环境可持续发展和灾难复原力。通过合作，这些组织能够共同应对影响东盟和中国的跨国挑战，促进一个更加稳定和繁荣的区域发展。
目前的发展
Current developments
慈善事业在外交和软实力中的作用
The Role of Philanthropy in Diplomacy and Soft Power
Philanthropy is increasingly becoming a strategic tool for diplomacy in the ASEAN-China relationship. Beyond mere charity, these efforts are part of a broader strategy to build long-term relationships and enhance China’s soft power in the region. While these efforts contribute to regional development, they also raise important questions about the influence that China may exert over time. The interplay between aid and influence is delicate, and it is crucial for ASEAN nations to balance the benefits of Chinese philanthropy with the need to maintain autonomy in their policy-making.
慈善事业正日益成为东盟—中国关系中的战略外交工具。这些工作不仅仅是简单的慈善行为，而是构建长期关系并提升中国在该地区软实力的、更广泛战略的一部分。虽然这些举措有助于区域发展，但也引发了关于中国可能随着时间推移施加影响的重要问题。援助与影响力之间的相互作用是微妙的，东盟国家在享受中国慈善事业带来的益处时，必须谨慎平衡这一影响，确保在政策制定中保持自主性。
地方自主权和文化敏感性
Local Ownership and Cultural Sensitivity
The success of philanthropic initiatives often hinges on the degree of local ownership and cultural sensitivity. Chinese players have sometimes faced criticism for adopting a top-down approach that may not fully appreciate the local context. However, successful initiatives do exist, such as Jack Ma Foundation’s rural teacher program that engage local communities, respect cultural differences, and empower local actors. For philanthropy to be truly effective, it must go beyond transplanting Chinese models. Collaborations should be participatory, with a focus on co-creating solutions that are culturally and contextually relevant.
慈善事业的成功往往取决于当地的参与度以及文化敏感度。中国的一些参与者有时会因为采取自上而下的方式，而受到批评。这种方式可能会无法充分理解当地的背景与情况。然而，也有成功的案例，例如马云基金会的乡村教师项目，该项目让当地社区参与进来，尊重文化差异，并赋权给当地参与者。要想使慈善事业真正有效，就不能只是照搬中国模式。合作应当是参与式的，重点在于共同创造符合文化背景的解决方案。
对于透明度和问责制的需要
The Need for Transparency and Accountability
As philanthropic efforts expand, there is a growing need for transparency and accountability. Both sides should prioritize establishing clear reporting mechanisms, conducting regular impact assessments, and maintaining open channels of communication with stakeholders. This not only builds trust but also ensures that philanthropy remains focused on its mission.
随着慈善工作的扩大，对透明度和问责制的需求也日益增加。双方应优先建立明确的报告机制，定期进行影响评估，并与利益相关方保持畅通的沟通渠道。这不仅能建立信任，还能确保慈善事业始终专注于其使命。
挑战与机会
Challenges and Opportunities
ASEAN actors in China face challenges such as navigating complex regulatory environments, bridging cultural differences, and addressing the scale of China’s social challenges. Despite these hurdles, there are significant opportunities, particularly in areas like environmental sustainability, where ASEAN counterparts can bring valuable expertise and innovative approaches. Meanwhile, there is potential and need for mutual learning. ASEAN actors can help shape a more balanced and reciprocal relationship, where both sides contribute to and benefit from shared knowledge and resources.
在中国的东盟参与者面临着各种挑战，如应对复杂的监管环境、弥合文化差异以及应对中国规模庞大的社会挑战。尽管存在这些障碍，但也存在着巨大的机遇，尤其是在环境可持续性等领域，东盟的同行可以带来宝贵的专业知识和创新方法。同时，双方也有潜力和必要相互学习。东盟的参与者可以帮助塑造一种更加平衡和互惠的关系，从而使双方都能共享知识和资源，并从中受益。
Similarly, Chinese actors face both significant challenges and promising opportunities. In ASEAN, each country has its own legal frameworks, cultural norms, and political contexts, making it difficult for Chinese NGOs to operate uniformly across the region. Additionally, there is often suspicion or wariness about Chinese influence, especially in areas where China’s geopolitical interests are prominent. This can lead to resistance or limited cooperation. On the other hand, Chinese actors have substantial opportunities to contribute to ASEAN’s development goals, particularly in areas like infrastructure, poverty alleviation, and disaster relief, where China has significant experience and resources. By leveraging expertise and resources from both government and corporates, Chinese NGOs can play critical roles in addressing transnational challenges such as climate change and public health, thereby expanding their network, and enhancing their influence in the region.
同样地，中国的参与者也面临着巨大的挑战，以及大有可为的机遇。在东盟，每个国家都有自己独特的法律框架、文化规范和政治背景，这使得中国的非政府组织很难在整个地区进行统一运作。此外，人们往往对中国的影响力心存疑虑或戒备，尤其是在中国地缘政治利益突出的地区。这可能导致抵制或有限的合作。另一方面，中国参与者在促进东盟发展目标方面有着巨大的机会，尤其是在基础设施、扶贫和救灾等领域，因为中国在这些领域拥有丰富的经验和资源。通过利用政府和企业的专业知识和资源，中国的非政府组织可以在应对跨国挑战，如气候变化和公共卫生方面，发挥关键作用，从而扩展其网络并提升在该地区的影响力。
展望未来：东盟—中国关系中的慈善事业前景
Looking forward: The Future of Philanthropy in ASEAN-China Relations
Looking ahead, the future of philanthropy in ASEAN-China relations may see a shift towards more integrated and multi-sectoral approaches. Governments, businesses, and nonprofits could collaborate more closely on complex regional challenges such as climate change, public health, and digital inclusion.
展望未来，东盟—中国关系中的慈善事业，可能会朝着更加一体化和多部门合作的方向发展。政府、企业和非营利组织可能在应对复杂的地区性挑战时，如气候变化、公共卫生和数字普惠方面，展开更紧密的合作。
To maximize the impact of these collaborations, it is essential to create platforms for dialogue and exchange between Chinese and ASEAN nonprofits. These platforms could facilitate the sharing of best practices, encourage joint initiatives, and foster a sense of regional solidarity that transcends national interests.
为了最大限度地发挥这些合作的影响力，必须建立中国和东盟非营利组织之间的对话和交流平台。这些平台可以促进分享最佳实践，鼓励联合行动，培养超越国家利益的地区团结意识。
In conclusion, the philanthropic collaboration between ASEAN and China represents a powerful, yet underexplored, dimension of their bilateral relationship. By placing social and community impact at the forefront, these initiatives offer a collaborative path that is neither ASEAN nor China-centric, but rather one that is locally endorsed and globally relevant. As this relationship continues to evolve, the potential for philanthropy and people-to-people exchanges to shape a more equitable and sustainable future should not be overlooked.
总之，东盟与中国之间的慈善合作，代表了双边关系中一个强大但尚未被充分发掘的层面。通过将社会和社区影响放在首位，这些倡议为一种既不以东盟为中心，也不以中国为中心的合作路径，提供了可能性，而是一个得到了当地认可的、具有全球相关性的模式。随着双方关系的不断发展，慈善事业和民间交流在塑造更加公平和可持续的未来方面的潜力不容忽视。
关键句翻译
东盟（ASEAN）是东南亚国家联盟的简称。那么东南亚国家联盟的英文全称是什么？
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
association n. 协会；联盟
翻译、撰稿：丁适于（杭州市基金会发展促进会）
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