全球视野 | 慈善资助新方法：当邻居们来决定如何使用慈善资金时，会发生什么？

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文章《When Neighbors Choose How to Spend Philanthropic Dollars/当邻居们来决定如何使用慈善资金时》发布在一家名为Next City的美国杂志上。这是一家关注城市事物和非营利组织的杂志。这篇文章讲述了费城肯辛顿社区如何通过“参与式资助”模式重塑社区，改善居民生活质量。文章认为这种模式有望成为未来慈善基金会的榜样，推动更多基金会和资助者采用这种更具包容性和参与性的资助方式。

When Brenda Mosley first moved to Philadelphia’s Kensington neighborhood in 2017, she would walk around the trash-filled streets in a state of depression. The epicenter of Philly’s opioid crisis had been devastated by addiction, gun violence and poverty for years, and the community’s pain mirrored her own grief of losing her daughter to cerebral palsy. 

当布伦达·莫斯利在2017年刚搬到费城的肯辛顿社区时，她走在满是垃圾的街道上，心情十分沮丧。该社区是费城阿片类药物危机的中心，多年来一直饱受毒瘾、枪支暴力和贫困的摧残。莫斯利因为失去患有脑瘫的女儿而感到的悲痛，与这个社区的痛苦互相呼应。 

“There was so much trauma here,” says Moseley, a former nurse who is in recovery. “Even though the city was spending money on the problems, nothing was changing.” 

莫斯利曾经是一名护士，现在正在康复中。她说：“这里有太多的创伤，尽管市政府一直在这些问题上花钱，但没有任何改变。” 

In response, Moseley decided to open a nonprofit that would use a trauma-informed approach to community healing. But first, she needed funding. 

作为回应，莫斯利决定成立一家非营利组织，并使用创伤知情的方法来进行社区康复。但首先，她需要资金。 

“I learned that big foundations were hard to get grants from, but they were the ones with all the money,” Mosley says. “So instead I just volunteered in my community and started conversations about what we needed to fix.” 

莫斯利说：“我了解到，很难从大型基金会那里获得资金，但他们却拥有所有的资金。所以，我只是在我的社区里做志愿者，并开始讨论我们需要解决的问题。” 

Word got out about what Mosley was doing, and in 2020 she was asked to join an advisory group for the Kensington Community Resilience Fund (KCR Fund), a joint partnership between the residents of Kensington, the Scattergood Foundation and other regional funders, and the City of Philadelphia, that uses a process called participatory grant-making to fund local initiatives. 

莫斯利所做的事情逐渐传开了。在2020年，她被邀请加入肯辛顿社区复原力基金（KCR基金）的一个咨询顾问小组。该基金是肯辛顿居民、斯卡特古德基金会和其他地区资助者，以及费城市政府之间的联合合作项目，采用一种参与式资助的方式，为当地的项目提供资金。 

The following year, the KCR Fund awarded Mosley two grants to open her nonprofit, By Faith, Health, and Healing. 

次年，KCR 基金向莫斯利提供了两笔资助，用于开办她的非营利组织By Faith, Health, and Healing。 

“Every program we offer now — the youth summer camp, grief counseling, mothers helping mothers — it’s all because the neighborhood decided how and where to spend the money,” she says. “If it wasn’t for that, we wouldn’t exist.” 

莫斯利说：“我们现在提供的每一个项目：青少年夏令营、悲伤辅导、母亲互助项目，都是因为社区决定了该如何花钱以及在哪里花钱。如果不是这样，我们也不会存在。”

Every year, thousands of charitable foundations give billions of dollars in grants and donations to programs throughout the United States, making these philanthropic organizations a vital part of the nonprofit ecosystem. 

每年，数以千计的慈善基金会向全美国各地的项目提供数十亿美元的资助和捐赠，使这些慈善组织成为非营利生态系统中的重要组成部分。 

According to the National Philanthropic Trust, U.S. foundations awarded $105 billion in grants in 2022 and held $1 trillion in total assets. 

根据美国National Philanthropic Trust的数据，2022年，美国的基金会共发放了1050亿美元的资助，并持有1万亿美元的总资产。 

These foundations typically award grants based on staff recommendations to a board of trustees, but too often, these grantmakers are disconnected from the people and spaces that they’re trying to help, making it difficult to know who needs what and how to best serve them. 

这些基金会通常根据其员工的建议，向董事会推荐项目并进行资助，但这些资助者往往与他们试图帮助的人和地方脱节，因此很难知道谁需要什么以及如何最好地服务他们。 

One newer solution that is creating a more inclusive and equitable model is “participatory grantmaking,” a practice that directly involves a community in deciding how to spend the money. 

一种较新的解决方案正在创造一个更加包容和公平的模式，这就是“参与式资助”，这种做法直接让社区参与并决定如何使用资金。 

In Philadelphia, programs like the Kensington Soccer Club, Yoga4Philly, and Poetry at the Park are all grantees of the KCR Fund, which follows a participatory grantmaking process (“For Kensington, By Kensington”) that allows community members to make decisions that improve the quality of life for residents who have been impacted by the opioid epidemic. 

在费城，肯辛顿足球俱乐部、Yoga4Philly和公园诗歌等项目都是KCR基金的资助对象，该基金采用参与式资助流程（“为肯辛顿，由肯辛顿”），允许社区成员做出决策，以改善受到阿片类药物流行影响的居民生活质量。 

Now in its third round since 2020, the KCR Fund has awarded $760,000 to dozens of grassroots organizations and neighborhood programs; each grantee receives a $10,000 or $20,000 grant. 

自2020年以来，KCR基金现在已进入第三轮资助，向数十个基层组织和社区项目提供了76万美元的资助；每个受资助者可获得1万美元或2万美元的资助。 

“We prioritize people with lived experience and ties to the community,” says Caitlin O’Brien, director of learning and community impact at the Scattergood Foundation. “There’s a diverse array of health and wellness organizations serving Philadelphia. We have conversations with local nonprofits and get their opinion on who else should be involved in the decision-making.” 

斯卡特古德基金会学习和社区影响总监凯特琳·奥布莱恩说：“我们优先考虑有生活经验并与社区有联系的人。费城有各种各样的健康和保健组织。我们与当地的非营利组织进行对话，征求他们的意见，看看还有谁应该参与决策。” 

This process gives agency to the people who benefit from funding to determine their community’s priorities and empowers groups to collaborate on solutions to the problems they face. 

这一过程让受益于资助的人们有权决定其社区的优先事项，并赋能各团体，来合作解决他们所面临的问题。 

These groups, typically called Community Advisory Committees, are diverse and represent people from all walks of life, a vast difference from the homogenized boardrooms of large foundations. 

这些团体被称为社区咨询委员会，成员多种多样，代表着各行各业的人们。这与大型基金会同质化的董事会形成了鲜明对比。 

“When you live in a neighborhood, you can see first-hand which places are providing the services they claim to be,” says Mosley. “We see the people of Kensington suffering and know the organizations that are actually addressing the problems.” 

莫斯利说：“当你住在一个社区里时，你可以亲眼看到哪些地方在提供他们所声称的服务。我们看到肯辛顿居民在受苦受难，也知道哪些组织在实际上解决问题。” 

Mosley expanded By Faith, Health, and Healing to help her neighbors cope with mental health and substance use disorders, as well as trauma counseling. 

莫斯利扩大了她的非营利组织By Faith, Health, and Healing的项目规模，以帮助她的邻居们应对心理健康和药物使用障碍，并提供心理创伤咨询辅导。 

“When I was a community advisor, we asked if grantees would advance the three pillars of community empowerment, neighborhood investment, and economic opportunity,” says Mosley. “When my nonprofit received a grant the following year, I used my experiences to best serve my community, and create a safe space for people to heal.” 

莫斯利说：“当我担任社区顾问时，我们会询问受资助者是否会推进社区赋权、邻里投资和经济机会这三大支柱。当我的非营利组织在第二年获得资助时，我利用我的经验为我的社区提供了最好的服务，并为人们创造了一个治愈创伤的安全空间。” 

“The KCR Fund is one of the grantmaking initiatives created during this administration that makes me incredibly proud,” former Philadelphia Mayor Jim Kenney said in a statement from the Philanthropy Network of Philadelphia. “It shows what can be done when a community partners with the city to make decisions about how to improve the quality of life of residents affected by the ongoing overdose crisis.” 

费城前市长吉姆·肯尼在费城慈善网络的一份声明中表示：“KCR基金是本届政府创建的资助计划之一，令我感到无比自豪。它展示了当社区与城市合作，共同决定如何改善受持续药物过量危机影响的居民生活质量时，可以取得怎样的成果。”

Historically, foundations have used a traditional model to award grants that missed key demographics and ethnic groups because they were not connected to the issues or communities they intend to serve. 

历史上，基金会通常采用传统模式进行资助，这些资助忽略了关键的人口统计数据和族裔群体，因此这些资助与他们想要服务的问题或社区脱节。 

In working with the City of Philadelphia, Scattergood has given grants to support organizations led by Black, Indigenous, and other people of color, and incorporates the principles of diversity, equity and inclusion, trauma-informed practice, and community-based decisions. 

通过与费城市政府合作，斯卡特古德基金会为黑人、原住民和其他有色人种领导的组织提供了资助，并融入了多样性、公平性和包容性、创伤知情实践以及基于社区的决策原则。 

This participatory grantmaking process shifts the power dynamic in the funder-grantee relationship while building a compassionate and inclusive society that recognizes the basic dignity of every human. 

这种参与式资助过程改变了资助者与受资助者之间的权力动态，同时建立了一个富有同情心和包容性的社会，承认每个人的基本尊严。 

“We have a sense of the nonprofit landscape because we have people on the ground,” says O’Brien of Scattergood. “Then we demystify the grant process, invest in communities, and give people a voice about where the money ends up.” 

斯卡特古德基金会的凯特琳·奥布莱恩说：“我们了解非营利组织的现状，因为我们在当地有工作人员。然后我们让资助过程透明化，投资于社区，并赋予人们对资金去向的发言权。” 

O’Brien explains that it ultimately takes more time and resources, but investing directly into an underserved population helps local nonprofits understand their needs differently. 

奥布莱恩解释说，虽然这最终会需要更多的时间和资源，但直接投资于服务不足的人群，有助于当地非营利组织以不同的方式了解他们的需求。 

“The decision is organic and authentic,” she says. “What is critical is building a relationship, a connection, and trust.” 

奥布莱恩说：“这个决定是自然而真实的。关键是建立关系、联结和信任。” 

The Scattergood Foundation is a major funder of the KCR Fund, but it has also backed other programs in Philadelphia by providing money and capacity-building to organizations like the Community Fund for Immigrant Wellness, Mental Health Access for Women and Transgender People, community garden beautifications, and the Tiny House Community. 

斯卡特古德基金会是KCR基金的主要资助者，但它也支持费城的其他项目。该基金会向移民健康社区基金、妇女和跨性别者心理健康服务、社区花园美化以及微型房屋社区等组织提供资金和能力建设。 

The foundation distributed over $3.8 million in 2022 alone, helping Philadelphia residents with lived experience participate in the grant decision-making process, some for the first time. 

该基金会仅在2022年就发放了超过380万美元，帮助有生活经验的费城居民参与资助决策过程，其中一些人是第一次参与。 

Yet, participatory grantmaking still has limitations, and challenges arise when seeking a paradigm shift in how traditional foundations give money. 

然而，参与式资助仍然存在局限性，在寻求传统基金会捐赠方式的范式转变时，会出现挑战。 

A 2021 study by the University of Washington of large philanthropic foundations found that 88% of them believe involving their stakeholders makes for more effective grantmaking. Yet in the same study, only 10% reported allowing grantees or community members most affected by the foundation’s funding to decide how to allocate grant funds. 

华盛顿大学2021年的一项研究发现，88%的大型慈善基金会认为，让利益相关者参与能够让资助更有效。然而，在同一项研究中，只有10%的人表示允许受资助者或受基金会资助影响最大的社区成员，决定如何分配资金。 

Additionally, it can be challenging to bring multiple groups and nonprofits together at the table who have different motivations, goals, and ideas. A conflict of interest among committee members could undermine the integrity of the process, and competition for limited resources could undermine the cohesion of a project. 

此外，将多个有不同动机、目标和想法的团体和非营利组织聚集在一起也很具有挑战性。委员会成员之间的利益冲突，可能会削弱过程的公正性。而对有限资源的竞争可能会破坏项目的凝聚力。 

It’s also important that the members involved in the grant-making process are diverse and representative of the community being served, and the decision-makers must be aware of inherent biases that may exist in the process. 

同样重要的是，参与资助过程的成员必须多样化，且代表所服务的社区，决策者必须意识到过程中可能存在的固有偏见。 

Limitations aside, participatory grant-making shows signs of improvement from the traditional model, albeit difficult to prove with tangible outcomes, says Caitlin O’Brien, director of community impact at Scattergood. “Although the practice is not new, the evidence surrounding its success is hard to measure.” 

尽管有这些局限性，参与式资助与传统模式相比，显示出了改进的迹象，尽管很难用具体的结果来证明。斯卡特古德基金会的社区影响总监凯特琳·奥布莱恩说：“尽管这种做法并不新鲜，但其成功的证据难以衡量。”

Oni Richards, a grantee of Scattergood’s Community Fund for Immigrant Wellness, leads the Philadelphia-based African Family Health Organization and has seen participatory grant-making work in real time. 

奥尼·理查兹是斯卡特古德基金会的移民健康社区基金的受助人之一，他领导着一家位于费城的非洲裔家庭健康组织，并亲眼见证了参与式资助的效果。 

“Sometimes grant applications aren’t informed from a community perspective,” Richards says. “But now we have a blueprint we can use that’s led by diverse advisors and the people who live where the problems are. You don’t have that without making a connection.” 

理查兹说：“有时候资助申请并没有从社区的角度出发。但现在我们有了一张蓝图，它由多元化的顾问和居住在问题所在地的人们所主导。如果不建立联系，你是做不到这一点的。” 

Mental health inside immigrant and refugee communities hasn’t been studied enough to understand, but Richards has heard the positive effects in the African and Caribbean communities of West Philly from listening to people’s stories. 

移民和难民社区内的心理健康状况，尚未得到足够的研究。但理查兹通过倾听人们的故事，在西费城的非洲和加勒比社区中听到了积极的效果。 

“There was always a stigma surrounding mental health in these neighborhoods,” Richards says. “Because of this community-advised grant, we’ve developed interventions like our Men’s Support Group and finally see some change in the way our community sees themselves. They’re giving input for the first time.” 

理查兹说：“这些社区一直对心理健康抱有偏见。得益于这项由社区指导的资助，我们制定了干预措施，例如我们的男性支持小组，我们终于看到社区对自身看法的一些改变。这是他们第一次提供意见。” 

By studying youth development, workforce training, beautification, and available resources in a community that has always been guided by the outside, but now has a say in how these solutions develop, it could prove that participatory grant-making is working across the city of Philadelphia, and become a model for future foundations and funders to follow. 

通过研究社区中那些长期由外界指导的青年发展、劳动力培训、美化等项目和可用资源，费城的参与式资助或许能够证明其有效性，并成为未来基金会和资助者的榜样。 

Today, Mosley sees Kensington as full of possibility. “The magic is hope, the willingness to stand together,” she says. “The magic is that we don’t give up.” 

现在，布伦达·莫斯利看到了肯辛顿的无限可能性。她说：“魔力在于希望，在于愿意团结一致。魔力在于我们永不放弃。”