全球视野 | 中亚慈善事业正在迎来复兴？看看哈萨克斯坦的基金会正在怎么做

全球视野

每周从全球各大与公益慈善或社会创新领域相关的媒体或专业网站，去浏览发现当下正在发生的案例和正在思考的观点，然后翻译整理成篇，传达第一手的新鲜资讯。栏目希望可以通过文章的视角或者表述，为会员伙伴们提供启发、打开视野。

文章《Opinion: Central Asia is ready for philanthropy/观点：中亚已经准备好迎接慈善事业》发布在Devex上，作者Marat Aitmagambetov是哈萨克斯坦多项目慈善组织Bulat Utemuratov基金会的负责人。在他的领导下，基金会已向慈善事业捐赠了约2.1亿美元，并新建了13个自闭症中心。文章认为中亚，特别是哈萨克斯坦，在结合传统与现代慈善实践方面有巨大潜力；并且通过法律改进、政府激励、青年投资和区域合作，中亚可以建立一个强大的慈善生态系统，为整个地区带来更多的社会福利和经济发展。

The rural Kazakh tradition of asar, where a community comes together to help an individual with large tasks, can be considered an ancient form of volunteering in Central Asia. Throughout its history, Kazakhstan has developed customs to alleviate the harsh conditions of life on the steppe. Now, Central Asia is gradually experiencing the rebirth of philanthropy. 

哈萨克斯坦的农村有一种传统叫作asar，即社区齐心协力帮助个人完成大型任务。这可以视为是中亚地区的一种古老的志愿服务形式。哈萨克斯坦在其历史上发展出了用于缓解草原上恶劣生活条件的习俗。如今，中亚正在逐步迎来慈善事业的复兴。 

For decades, the region had broken away from its civic-led tradition of philanthropic giving. During the Soviet era, the ultimate responsibility for social welfare belonged to the state. Citizens were dependent on the government for their needs, and, as a result, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, philanthropy was neither understood nor trusted. This is changing slowly. In recent years, there has been a visible shift, as citizens and entrepreneurs begin to recognize the importance of philanthropy to fill gaps left by the state or business. 

过去几十年来，该地区脱离了以民间为主导的慈善捐赠传统。在苏联时期，社会福利的最终责任属于国家。公民依赖政府满足其需求，因此在苏联解体后，人们既不理解也不信任慈善事业。这种情况正在慢慢改变。近年来，随着公民和企业家开始认识到慈善事业在填补国家或企业留下的空白的重要性，这已经出现了显著的转变。 

When the Bulat Utemuratov Foundation was established in 2014, the founder’s vision was that the initiatives undertaken by the foundation should not duplicate other projects. We identified problems that nobody was dealing with at the time and sought to find effective ways to solve them and then share our solutions with both society and the government. 

Bulat Utemuratov基金会成立于2014年，其创始人的愿景是基金会开展的项目活动不应该重复其他的项目。我们找到当时没有人来处理的问题，并努力找到有效的解决方法，然后将我们的解决方案分享给社会和政府。 

This is how we focused on opening autism centers. The understanding of autism not as a disease but, rather, as a condition and the notion that autistic people can lead fulfilling lives was unheard of a few years ago in Kazakhstan. We’ve opened 13 autism centers that provide early intervention services at no cost in 12 cities, changing the perceptions of autism across the country and creating an effective support system for children and their families. 

这就是我们专注于开设自闭症中心的原因。将自闭症理解为一种状态而非疾病，并且认为自闭症患者可以过上充实的生活，这种观念在几年前的哈萨克斯坦是闻所未闻的。我们已经在12个城市开设了13家自闭症中心，免费提供早期干预服务，改变了哈萨克斯坦全国各地对自闭症的看法，并为儿童及其家庭建立了有效的支持系统。 

We’re not alone in our efforts. During its three decades of independence, Kazakhstan has seen the number of registered NGOs grow from 5,000 around 15 years ago to over 23,000, some 18,000 of which are currently active. The state is gradually catching up with civil society as well. In 2015, Kazakhstan adopted a law on charity for the first time in its history. 

我们并非孤军奋战。在哈萨克斯坦独立的三十年来，注册的非政府组织数量从15年前的约5000家增加到23000多家，其中约18000家目前正在开展活动。国家也在逐步赶上公民社会的步伐。2015年，哈萨克斯坦首次通过了一部关于慈善的法律。

The Kazakh government can still do more to encourage philanthropic activity, such as amending the current legislative framework. It remains significantly more difficult to establish a nonprofit organization than to register a commercial one. It might take over a month to register a nonprofit, while it could take just under a day to register an individual entrepreneur. 

哈萨克斯坦政府仍然可以采取更多措施来鼓励慈善活动，比如修订现行立法框架。目前，建立一家非营利组织仍然比注册一家商业组织要困难得多。注册一家非营利组织可能需要一个多月的时间，而注册一家个体企业可能只需要不到一天的时间。 

The government can also provide tax incentives for philanthropic giving, not only for businesses but for citizens as well. The 1% tax law in Hungary, for example, stipulates that citizens can choose to dedicate 1% of the tax they pay to any cause or institution of their choice that benefits society, such as a school, hospital, nongovernmental organization, etc. This not only encourages giving but also increases the transparency of, and thereby trust in, philanthropy. 

政府还可以为慈善捐赠提供税收激励，不仅针对企业，也针对公民。例如，匈牙利的1%税法规定，公民可以选择将其缴纳税款的1%，捐给自己选择的、任何有益于社会的事业或机构，如学校、医院、非政府组织等。这不仅鼓励了捐赠，还增加了慈善事业的透明度，从而提高了人们对慈善事业的信任。 

Central Asian countries have a huge incentive at the moment to provide the legal infrastructure needed to facilitate giving. The region is quickly developing in terms of its economy and human capital. The economies of both Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are set to grow by 5% or more in 2024, according to the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. More importantly, Central Asia boasts one of the youngest populations in the world, with the average age being 27.6 years old. 

中亚国家目前有巨大的动力，来提供促进捐赠所需的法律基础设施。该地区在经济和人力资本方面，正在迅速发展。根据欧洲复兴开发银行（European Bank for Reconstruction and Development）的数据，哈萨克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的经济将在2024年增长5%或更多。更重要的是，中亚是拥有世界上人口最年轻的地区之一，平均年龄为27.6岁。 

The younger generation is unlike my own, which was brought up with a reliance on the state. Central Asian youth think differently and see the world differently. Many of them have studied and worked in Europe or the United States and have first-hand experience with effective philanthropy. They will be the catalysts for change, but it is still the task of the older generation to provide them with opportunities to learn, clear the path for them to bring their ideas to life, and contribute to the development of a mature civil society. 

年轻一代与我这一代不同，我这一代是在依赖国家的情况下长大的。中亚青年的思维方式不同，对世界的看法也不同。他们中的许多人都曾在欧洲或美国学习和工作，对有效慈善事业有第一手经验。他们将成为变革的催化剂，但老一代人的任务仍然是为他们提供学习的机会，为他们铺平道路将想法变为现实，并为成熟的公民社会的发展做出贡献。 

That’s another reason why, at the Bulat Utemuratov Foundation, we are investing in youth. For instance, we’ve spotted deficits in the public school curriculum and provide free programs for students to learn soft skills and entrepreneurship. We also built a school in the town of Kosshy which we handed over to the state and are now building a community center in the same area, which has never been done before in Kazakhstan. This type of local philanthropy not only invests in the younger generation but also makes philanthropy’s positive impact visible for all to see, therefore increasing societal trust and engagement. 

这也是Bulat Utemuratov基金会投资青年的另一个原因。例如，我们发现了公立学校课程中存在的不足，于是为学生提供了免费课程，让他们学习软性技巧和企业家精神。我们还在Kosshy市修建了一所学校，并将其移交给国家，目前正在同一地区修建一个社区中心，这是在哈萨克斯坦从未有过的。这种地方慈善事业不仅是对年轻一代的投资，还使慈善事业的积极影响显而易见，从而增加了社会的信任和参与度。 

Kazakhstan is the leader in the region when it comes to the scale of financing and philanthropic infrastructure. Our aim now is to encourage regional cooperation with neighboring countries. With its young population, growing economy, and new entrepreneurial class, Central Asia has all the resources needed to create a blossoming philanthropic sphere that can extend beyond borders. 

在融资规模和慈善基础设施方面，哈萨克斯坦在中亚地区处于领先地位。我们现在的目标是鼓励与邻国开展区域合作。中亚地区拥有年轻的人口、不断增长的经济和新兴的企业家阶层，我们拥有一切所需的资源来创造一个能够超越国界的、繁荣的慈善领域。 

But we still need guidance to improve our legal infrastructure, as well as country-to-county and society-to-state dialogue to identify problems and understand that it is in our hands, and nobody else’s, to solve them. 

但是，我们仍然需要指导，以改善我们的法律基础设施，以及国家与郡县、社会与州之间的对话，以发现问题，并认识到问题的解决掌握在我们手中，而不是其他人手中。