全球视野 | 2023年福布斯慈善分数揭晓：美国最富有的人到底有多慷慨？

America’s wealthiest people also rank among the nation’s biggest philanthropists, donating billions toward cures for disease, college endowments and climate initiatives. But how generous are the super-rich, really? Not very, according to Forbes’ research. The members of the 2023 Forbes 400 list have collectively given more than $250 billion to charity, by our count—less than 6% of their combined net worth. 

美国最富有的人也是美国最大的慈善家之一，他们为疾病治疗、大学捐赠和气候倡议捐赠了数十亿美元。但超级富豪们到底有多慷慨呢？根据《福布斯》的研究，他们并不是那么慷慨。根据我们的统计，2023年福布斯美国400强富豪榜上的富豪们，总共为慈善事业捐出了2500多亿美元，还不到他们净资产总和的6%。 

Of course, some are much more generous than others. To see how philanthropic each Forbes 400 member has been, Forbes dug into their known charitable giving and assigned each a philanthropy score, ranging from 1 to 5. If we couldn’t find any information about a person’s giving and they declined to provide details, we gave them a score of N/A. 

当然，有些人比其他人慷慨得多。为了了解每位福布斯美国400强富豪榜成员的慈善事业情况，《福布斯》深入调查了他们已知的慈善捐赠情况，并给每个人的慈善事业打分，分值从1到5分不等。如果我们找不到任何有关某人捐赠的信息，或者他们拒绝提供详细信息，我们就给他们打不适用分：N/A。 

To calculate the scores, we added the value of each billionaire’s out-the-door lifetime giving estimate to their 2023 Forbes 400 net worth, then divided their lifetime giving by that sum. Each score corresponds to a range of giving as a percentage of a person’s net worth. We once again counted only out-the-door giving, rather than cash sitting in billionaires’ private foundations or tax-advantaged donor-advised funds that may not have made it to those in need. We reached out to every list member for feedback. Many have foundations with publicly available tax filings that provide details on yearly grants, although those details often have a one- or two-year lag. Some provided specific details about additional donations and recipients. Others declined to comment. 

为了计算这些分数，我们将每位亿万富翁的终身捐赠估算值，与他们2023年的福布斯美国400强富豪榜净资产相加，然后用他们的终身捐赠除以这个总和。每个分数都对应了捐赠占个人净资产百分比的范围。我们再次只计算了他们的对外捐赠，而没有计算亿万富豪私人基金会或有税收优惠的捐赠人建议基金中的现金，因为这些现金可能没有用于需要帮助的人。我们联系了名单上的每一位成员，征求他们的反馈意见。许多人的基金会都有公开的税务申报，可以提供年度赠款的详细信息，尽管这些详细信息往往滞后一到两年。一些基金会提供了额外捐赠和受助人的具体细节。其他成员则拒绝发表评论。 

Two thirds of the billionaires on The Forbes 400 scored a 1 or 2, meaning they have given less than 5% of their fortune to charity. That’s in line with previous years, though for the first time since 2020, when Forbes began tracking billionaires’ out-the-door giving, the number of Forbes 400 members who gave away between 1 and 4.99% of their wealth (scoring a 2) surpassed the number who gave away less than 1% of their wealth (scoring a 1). 

福布斯美国400强富豪榜上，有三分之二的亿万富豪得分在1分或2分之间，这意味着他们将不到5%的财富捐给了慈善事业。这与前几年的情况一致，不过自2020年《福布斯》开始追踪亿万富豪的对外捐赠情况以来，捐赠了1%至4.99%财富（得分为2分）的福布斯美国400强富豪榜成员人数，首次超过了捐赠了不到1%财富（得分为1分）的富豪榜成员人数。 

Still, only eleven of America’s 400 richest people have given away more than 20% of their stash, per Forbes’ estimates, earning a rare 5: John Arnold, Edythe Broad, Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, Melinda French Gates, Amos Hostetter Jr., Pierre Omidyar, MacKenzie Scott, Lynn Schusterman, Jeff Skoll and George Soros. 

不过，根据福布斯的估算，在美国400强富豪榜中，只有11位富豪捐出了超过20%的财富，获得了罕见的5分：约翰·阿诺德、埃德斯·布罗德、沃伦·巴菲特、比尔·盖茨、梅琳达·盖茨、小阿莫斯·霍斯泰特、皮埃尔·奥米迪亚、麦肯齐·斯科特、林恩·舒斯特曼、杰夫·斯科尔和乔治·索罗斯。

For the fourth year in a row, hedge fund tycoon and prominent left-wing supporter George Soros is the biggest giver of all, as measured by percentage of fortune. He’s donated more than $19 billion, nearly three times his current net worth, over the past four-plus decades, almost exclusively through his Open Society Foundations, which focus on areas of democratic principles like freedom of expression, human rights and climate justice. This summer, the 93-year-old handed the reins to his son Alex Soros, who announced plans for the organization to reduce headcount “significantly” and shift its focus away from Western Europe toward the U.S. and Ukraine. 

对冲基金大亨、著名左翼支持者乔治·索罗斯连续第四年，成为按财富比例计算的最大捐赠人。在过去的四十多年里，他捐赠了超过190亿美元，几乎是他目前净资产的三倍，捐赠几乎全部通过他的开放社会基金会进行捐赠，该基金会主要关注言论自由、人权和气候正义等民主原则领域。今年夏天，93岁高龄的索罗斯将权力移交给了他的儿子亚历克斯·索罗斯，后者宣布计划“大幅”裁员，并将工作重点从西欧转向美国和乌克兰。 

Seventy list members have promised via the Giving Pledge to give away more than half of their wealth by their death, but Soros—who hasn’t signed the pledge—is the only philanthropist on The Forbes 400 who has hit the mark thus far, by Forbes’ estimates. 

福布斯美国400强富豪榜上有70位榜单成员通过“捐赠誓言”承诺：在去世前捐出一半以上的财富。但索罗斯还没有签署该誓言。不过根据福布斯估计，索罗斯是迄今为止福布斯美国400强富豪榜上，唯一达到了这一目标的慈善家。 

MacKenzie Scott is well on her way, however. She’s quickly doled out nearly $15 billion in grants since her 2019 divorce from Jeff Bezos (No. 2)—mostly via relatively small (less than $10 million), no-strings-attached gifts to local charities. In December, she demystified some of her process by launching a website, YieldGiving.com, that includes a database detailing $10.6 billion of her estimated $14.4 billion in lifetime giving. And, in March, she began soliciting grant applications for the first time via her “Open Call,” which will give $1 million each to 250 organizations next year. 

不过，麦肯齐·斯科特正在她的道路上顺利前行。自2019年与杰夫·贝佐斯（得分为2分）离婚以来，她迅速发放了近150亿美元的赠款，其中大部分是通过向当地慈善机构提供相对小额（少于1000万美元）、无附加条件的赠款。去年12月，她推出了一个网站YieldGiving.com，其中的数据库详细记录了她有生之年所捐赠的144亿美元中的106亿美元。今年3月，她开始通过“公开征集”首次征集捐赠申请，明年将向250个组织分别捐赠100万美元。

In dollar terms, though, Berkshire Hathaway’s Warren Buffett takes the title of the U.S.’ most generous person—he’s donated an estimated $55 billion, mainly to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as four charities set up by Buffett’s three children and his late wife. 

以美元计算，伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司的沃伦·巴菲特是美国最慷慨的人。他捐赠了约550亿美元，主要捐给比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会，以及巴菲特的三个孩子和已故妻子成立的四个慈善机构。