全球视野 | 1万亿美元的债务与0美元的气候资金承诺：用10个数字定义2022年的开发援助

This year has been a difficult one in the development sector. We’ve seen war, drought, famine, debt, and the aftershocks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Need has worsened and budgets have been stretched, with numbers ever changing. We’ve pulled out 10 numbers to remember, that helped define this challenging year. 

今年在开发援助领域是一个艰难的一年。我们看到了战争、干旱、饥荒、债务以及新冠大流行病的余震。需求恶化，预算捉襟见肘，数字不断变化。我们列出了10个值得记住的数字，它们帮助定义了这充满挑战的一年。

1859亿美元

政府开发援助/ODA总额

Total ODA

One place to start is with the total budgets available to tackle development issues. There are no figures yet for 2022 — the year is not over — but one place to start is with the figures for 2021, which the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development puts at $185.9 billion. 

一个起点是可以用于解决开发援助问题的总预算。目前还没有2022年的数字，因为这一年还没有结束。但可以从2021年的数字开始，经济合作与发展组织/OECD认为2021年的总预算数字为1859亿美元。 

OECD figures highlight how much international development depends on a small pool of donors. Some 70% of funding came from just five countries — the United States, Germany, France, Japan, and the United Kingdom. 

经合组织的数字强调了国际开发援助在很大程度上依赖于一小批捐助者。约70%的资金仅来自五个国家：美国、德国、法国、日本和英国。 

The figure also shows that the world is nowhere close to spending 0.7% of gross national income on ODA, a long-agreed-upon target. This year, the level was 0.33%. 

这一数字还表明，世界距离将国民总收入的0.7%用于ODA这一长期商定的目标还很遥远。今年，这一水平为0.33%。 

Of course, that figure doesn’t reflect all spending on development. On top of official development assistance, there are many other sources: multilateral and bilateral lenders, major donors and foundations, and the general public, to name but a few. This question — how much development funding happens outside of ODA — is one that Devex plans to look at in 2023. 

当然，这个数字并不可以反映所有的开发援助支出。除了ODA之外，还有许多其他的来源。仅举几例，比如：多边和双边贷款人、大额捐赠人和基金会，以及普通公众。关于有多少开发援助资金发生在ODA之外的问题，将会是Devex计划在2023年研究的一个问题。 

Whether 2022 resembles 2021 is open to debate, largely due to the impact of Russia’s war in Ukraine — of which more below. 

2022年是否类似于2021年还有待商榷，主要是由于俄乌冲突的影响，下文会有更多相关内容。

167亿美元

对乌克兰的人道主义援助

Humanitarian assistance to Ukraine

In total, more than $100 billion of support has been committed to Ukraine so far by other nations. Of this, according to a report by the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, $16.7 billion is humanitarian assistance, which will definitely count as ODA, and $53.4 billion is financial assistance, some of which may count as ODA. 

到目前为止，其他国家对乌克兰承诺的支持总额已超过1000亿美元。根据基尔世界经济研究所的一份报告，其中167亿美元是人道主义援助，这肯定会被算作ODA。534亿美元是财政援助，其中一些可能被算作ODA。 

Devex has published its own funding tracker, which showed billions more in assistance from multilaterals, foundations, and the public. 

Devex公布了自己的资金追踪，其中显示还有数十亿来自多边机构、基金会和公众的援助。 

In addition to the direct spending on the war and the response, Ukraine has generated a refugee crisis. The ONE Campaign estimates more than $50 billion will be spent on housing refugees over the coming months — almost four times as much as in any previous year. Much of this will be eligible to be counted as ODA, although it is not clear how much of national budgets will be diverted from other development issues. 

除了在战争和应对上的直接支出，乌克兰还引发了难民危机。非营利组织One Campaign估计，未来几个月将花费超过500亿美元为难民提供住房，这金额几乎是以往任何一年的四倍。其中很大一部分将有资格被算作ODA，尽管目前还不清楚有多少国家预算将从其他开发援助问题中转移到该问题上。

30%

今年英国双边援助的削减幅度

The cut to U.K. bilateral aid this year

The impact of the war in Ukraine has been widespread in the world of development. It pushed up prices for oil, gas, and grain, driving rapid inflation, and putting pressure on national budgets. As mentioned above, significant amounts of ODA have been diverted to humanitarian relief and refugee support. Several nations have announced cuts to ODA budgets as a result, including Sweden and Germany. 

俄乌冲突对开发援助的世界的影响是广泛的。它推高了石油、天然气和谷物的价格，推动了快速的通货膨胀，并给国家预算带来了压力。如上所述，大量的ODA已被转用于人道主义救援和难民支持。一些国家因此宣布削减ODA预算，包括瑞典和德国。 

However, Ukraine has had perhaps the greatest impact on aid in the recession-hit U.K. where the government chose to shift more than £3 billion ($3.65 billion) of spending on refugees into the ODA budget, prompting a 30% cut in bilateral funding — and an excoriating attack on the U.K.’s lost status as a “development superpower” from the minister in charge. 

然而，在受到经济衰退打击的英国，乌克兰对援助的影响可能是最大的。在英国，政府选择将超过30亿英镑(约合36.5亿美元)的难民支出纳入ODA预算。这导致了双边资金削减30%，以及主管部长对英国失去的“开发援助超级大国”地位的痛斥。

3.24亿

需要人道主义支持的人口数量

The number of people in need of humanitarian support

While more funding is being absorbed by Ukraine, other humanitarian crises are growing worse, according to figures released by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, or UNOCHA. 

根据联合国人道主义事务协调厅/UNOCHA公布的数字，在乌克兰吸收更多资金的同时，其他人道主义危机却在不断恶化。 

The numbers make grim reading. Crises in Syria, Afghanistan, Yemen, and Ethiopia were overshadowed by Ukraine in 2022 and are heavily underfunded. The number of people who now need humanitarian support is up by 27% from last year, according to Devex calculations based on the UNOCHA figures, while the amount of funding projected to be needed next year has risen to $51.5 billion, up from $41 billion at the start of 2022. 

这些数字读起来令人难受。2022年，叙利亚、阿富汗、也门和埃塞俄比亚的危机被乌克兰掩盖，资金严重不足。根据Devex依照UNOCHA的数字计算，现在需要人道主义支持的人数比去年增加了27%。而明年预计需要的资金数额，已从2022年初的410亿美元上升到515亿美元。

8.28亿

面临长期粮食不安全的人口数量

The number of people facing chronic food insecurity

Separate from the number of people facing acute humanitarian need, the world faces a lower-level challenge of chronic food insecurity — the inability, usually due to poverty, to be certain that you can consistently put enough food on the table — which according to 2021 figures affected more than a tenth of the population. 

除了面临严重人道主义需求的人口数量之外，世界还面临着较低水平的长期粮食不安全挑战。通常由于贫困，因而无法确保人们能持续在餐桌上提供足够的食物。根据2021年的数字，这影响了超过十分之一的人口。 

Because those figures are from 2021 they, therefore, do not take into account the war in Ukraine, which has had significant impacts on food and fertilizer costs, although a grain deal has now addressed some of the worst effects. 

由于这些数字来自2021年，因此没有考虑到俄乌冲突。这也对粮食和化肥成本产生了重大影响，尽管一项粮食协议现在已经解决了一些最严重的影响。 

Separate figures exist on acute food insecurity — the level at which urgent humanitarian assistance is likely to be needed — although discussion exists over which figures are best. 

关于严重的粮食不安全问题（可能需要紧急人道主义援助的水平）有单独的数字，尽管对于哪种数字最合适仍需讨论。

1万亿美元

低收入国家所欠的债务数额

The amount of debt owed by low-income countries

Rising food and fuel prices due to the war in Ukraine had another impact — a sudden spike in inflation. In the U.S. and other high-income economies, the response was to push up interest rates, which had a major impact on the price of debt. 

俄乌冲突导致的食品和燃料价格上涨产生了另一个影响，通货膨胀的突然飙升。在美国和其他高收入经济体，应对措施是推高利率，这对债务价格产生了重大影响。 

Since 2010, debt has tripled in low-income countries, partly because those countries had to borrow to ride out the pandemic. As interest rates have started to rise, debt payments for 69 low-income nations analyzed by the bank have risen to $62 billion a year — a third higher than in 2021. 

自2010年以来，低收入国家的债务增加了两倍，部分原因是这些国家不得不借钱来度过这场疫情。随着利率开始上升，世界银行分析的69个低收入国家的债务支付，已经上升到每年620亿美元，这比2021年高出了三分之一。 

All of this has detracted from the ability of low-income nations to deliver infrastructure, healthcare, and education, and has in several cases led to political instability — a cocktail that threatens the progress made in the development sector. 

所有这些都削弱了低收入国家提供基础设施、医疗保健和教育的能力，并在一些情况下导致了政治不稳定。这种复合多重的影响威胁着开发援助领域取得的进展。

1250万

“零剂量”儿童的数量

The number of ‘zero dose’ children

Another legacy of the pandemic has been in the field of health. One of the key stories of 2021 was vaccine inequity. Citizens of high-income countries received multiple shots of COVID-19 vaccines, while those in low- and middle-income countries were often still waiting on the first dose. 

新冠疫情大流行的另一个遗产是在卫生领域。2021年的关键故事之一是疫苗的不平等。高收入国家的公民获得了多针新冠疫苗，而中低收入国家的公民往往还在等待第一针。 

Beyond that, the world has seen a decline in routine childhood vaccinations, largely as a result of reduced health coverage during COVID-19 lockdowns. 

除此之外，世界儿童常规疫苗接种率也在下降。这主要是因为新冠疫情封锁期间，医疗覆盖范围的减少。 

Last year saw “the largest sustained decline in childhood vaccinations in approximately 30 years,” according to World Health Organization and UNICEF. 

据世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会/UNICEF称，去年出现了“约30年来儿童疫苗接种率的最大持续下降”。 

The number of children who have not received a single dose of any vaccine in their lives rose by 570,000 to reach 12.5 million. This is the second year in a row this number has risen. 

一生中没有接种过任何一剂疫苗的儿童人数增加了57万，达到1250万。这是这一数字连续第二年出现上升。

32.5亿美元

美国国际开发署的当地资助目标

USAID’s local funding target

While headwinds have been affecting the environment in which the development sector operates, the sector’s leaders have been trying to change how they respond. 

虽然逆风一直在影响开发援助领域的运作环境，但该领域的领导人一直在努力改变他们的应对方式。 

One key part of this response is the transfer of power and funding to local communities and NGOs. At the heart of this drive is the U.S. Agency for International Development, whose administrator Samantha Power said early in her leadership that she wanted 25% of USAID funding to go to locally led organizations by 2025 — although a final definition of “local” is still to emerge. 

这一对策的一个关键部分是将权力和资金转移给本土社区和非政府组织。美国国际开发署/USAID是这一行动的核心，该署署长萨曼莎·鲍尔在其领导的早期曾说过，她希望到2025年，USAID的25%的资金将流向当地领导的组织，尽管“当地”的最终定义仍有待形成。 

USAID has since clarified that this target excludes several categories of agency funding, including contributions to U.N. agencies, direct support to other governments, and the agency’s own operating expenses. Once these are excluded, around $13 billion remains — making the benchmark target around $3.25 billion this year. 

USAID后来澄清说，这一目标不包括几类机构资金，包括对联合国机构的捐款、对其他国家政府的直接支持，以及该机构自身的运营费用。一旦将这些资金排除在外，大约还有130亿美元，使今年的基准目标大约在32.5亿美元。 

At the point, Power made her speech, around 6% of funding was going to locally led organizations, and evidence has not yet emerged of significant growth — in fact, Devex analysis showed funding falling in 2021. 

在鲍尔发表演讲时，约有6%的资金流向了当地领导的组织，而且还没有出现显著增长的证据。事实上，Devex的分析显示，2021年的资金有所下降。 

However, only limited data is available for the period since Power gave her speech, so she still has time on her side to hit the target. 

然而，自鲍尔发表演讲以来，只有有限的数据可用，所以她仍然有时间达到目标。

0美元

迄今为止对新的气候“损失和损害”基金的承诺金额

The amount so far committed to the new ‘loss and damage’ fund for climate

While much of the news around the sector has been driven by war and the pandemic, the signs have continued to grow that the planet’s climate is changing, not least with floods in Pakistan and a sequence of failed rainy seasons in the Horn of Africa. 

虽然围绕该领域的大部分新闻是由战争和大流行病驱动的，但有迹象表明地球的气候正在发生变化，尤其是巴基斯坦的洪水和非洲之角的一系列雨季降水量稀少。 

But the international community has been slow to commit funds to address climate issues. A Devex analysis found that far less climate finance has been committed than had been promised and that what was committed was low quality. 

但国际社会对解决气候问题的资金承诺一直很缓慢。Devex的一项分析发现，投入的气候资金远远少于承诺的资金，而且投入的资金质量很低。 

There was jubilation at the 27th U.N. Climate Change Conference of the Parties, or COP 27, over a commitment to creating a new loss and damage fund to help compensate countries vulnerable to climate change. But so far, there are scant details about what it might look like. And as yet, no money. 

在第27届联合国气候变化大会/COP27上，人们为承诺建立一个新的损失和损害基金以帮助补偿易受气候变化影响的国家而欢欣鼓舞。但到目前为止，关于它可能是什么样子的细节还不多。而且，到目前为止，还没有钱。

80亿

地球上的人口数量

The number of people on the planet

The final statistic is not one that has had a direct impact on the development sector this year, but it is a sign of the times. Last month saw the birth of baby 8 billion, somewhere in Manila, Philippines, meaning the population of the world has doubled in less than 50 years. The growth is projected to continue for most of this century, topping out a little above 10 billion in 2086. 

最后一个统计数字不是今年对开发援助部门有直接影响的统计数字，但它是一个时代的标志。上个月，在菲律宾马尼拉的某个地方诞生的婴儿，是世界上的第80亿人。这意味着世界人口在不到50年的时间里翻了一番。预计这种增长将在本世纪的大部分时间里持续下去，到2086年将达到略高于100亿的水平。 

Much of that growth is projected to be in low-income nations, particularly in Africa, where the development sector is most active. 

其中大部分增长预计将出现在低收入国家，特别是在开发援助部门最活跃的非洲。